Improving Outcomes For Clients With Temporomandibular Disorders
The management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) has now evolved from the realm of dentistry to include other healthcare professionals. This is because TMD is multi-causal. Therefore, a treatment approach involving various healthcare disciplines can and will improve the outcomes for the client.
Some accepted contributing factors of Temporomandibular Disorders include stress, malocclusions, poor posture, myofascial pain syndrome and chronic pain.
There are areas which physiotherapy can assist in improving treatment outcomes for your clients:
1. Poor posture
There is a strong correlation between poor posture and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Almost all TMD sufferers will complain of neck pain.It has been theorized that a forward head posture increases stress over the posterior structures of the cervical spine. This then creates muscle tensions in the masticatory muscles. These muscles can refer pain to the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) area, and also lead to the development of dysfunction in the TMJ. In addition, the forward head posture position itself can alter the position of the TMJ.
Physiotherapists can improve posture by:
- Improving client’s office ergonomics
- Releasing tight muscles to reduce resistance to upper cervical flexion
- Strengthening the appropriate stabilizer muscles like the deep neck flexors and lower trapezius. The latter is to correct rounded shoulders and slouched upper back
- Mobilising and manipulating the thoracic spine to allow for more extension. This will improve the head-shoulder alignment
2. Myofascial pain syndrome
Majority of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) sufferers will have been diagnosed with myofascial pain syndrome. This is not surprising as prolonged poor posture can lead to the wrong muscles being constantly activated like the upper trapezius and the sternocledoidmastoid. This can result in the development of trigger points in such muscles.
The significance of this is that firstly, these trigger points can refer to pain in the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), the molars and the cheek area. Secondly, trigger points in the sternocledoidmastoid can create secondary trigger points in the masseter and temporalis. Trigger in the superficial fibres of the masseter can restrict mouth opening. Thirdly, trigger points in the lateral pterygoid muscle can apply constant excessive traction of the disc. This leads to the stretching of the inferior stratum. It can also position the mandible forward resulting in poor articulation of the TMJ.
Physiotherapists can palpate these trigger points and release them. They can also teach clients to do the same at home.
3. Prescription of exercises
Physiotherapists are usually not primary contact practitioners for clients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Therefore, a diagnosis of a hypomobile or hypermobile temporomandibular joints (TMJ) would have been established prior to their first visit to the physiotherapist.
The exercises prescribed are those of Dr Rocabado. In a hypermobile joint, >Dr Rocabado advocates training stability in the functional range. This is where mouth opening is achieved by the rolling of the mandible on the disc without the anterior translation. This is done by maintaining the tongue on the hard palate, since the range of motion exercises are done with a gradual increase in resistance.
Apart from mobility exercises, clients can be taught to distract their joints in a caudal direction in hypomobile joints. Clients are also taught to self-stretch their masseter as that can also be a cause of restriction in mouth opening.
Reference:
- Simons et al. Simons DG, Travell J, Simons LS. Myofascial pain and dysfunction. The trigger point manual. Volume 1. 2nd ed., Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
- J. Langendoen, J.Miller, GA Jull. >Retrodiscal tissue of the temporomandibular joint, clinical anatomy and its role in diagnosis and treatment of arthropathies. >Manual Therapy (1997), 2(4), 191-198
- EF Wright, MA Domenech and >JR Fischer. >Usefulness of posture training for patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Am Dental Association (2000), 131(2), 202-210
(images reproduced from Travell and Simons)
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